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Table 2 Demographic and injury characteristics in relation to Marshall groups (score <3 less severe, score ≥3 more severe TBI).

From: Effects of acute substance use and pre-injury substance abuse on traumatic brain injury severity in adults admitted to a trauma centre

Variables

Less severe TBI

(n = 50) (%)

More severe TBI

(n = 61) (%)

p-value

Total

(N = 111) (%)

Gender

  

0.08

 

   Male

43 (86)

44 (72)

 

87 (78)

   Female

7 (14)

17 (28)

 

24 (22)

Age (years)

  

0.69

 

   Mean ± SD

31.7 ± 10.7

32.6 ± 12.4

 

32.2 ± 11.6

Education

  

0.002

 

   0-9 years

11 (22)

4 (6)

 

15 (14)

   10-12 years

14 (28)

33 (54)

 

47 (42)

   ≥ 13 years

25 (50)

18 (30)

 

43 (39)

   Missing

0 (0)

6 (10)

 

6 (5)

Marital status

  

0.54

 

   Married/live with

27 (54)

35 (59)

 

62 (56)

   Divorced

4 (8)

7 (12)

 

11 (10)

   Live alone

19 (38)

17 (29)

 

36 (32)

   Missing

0 (0)

2 (3)

 

2 (2)

Employment

  

0.40

 

   Employed

39 (78)

46 (81)

 

85 (77)

   Unemployed

3 (6)

6 (11)

 

9 (8)

   Retired/Disabled

8 (16)

5 (9)

 

13 (12)

   Missing

0 (0)

4 (7)

 

4 (2)

Cause of injury

  

0.04

 

   Traffic accidents

23 (46)

42 (69)

 

65 (59)

   Falls

17 (34)

11 (18)

 

28 (25)

   Others

10 (20)

8 (13)

 

18 (16)

Substance use

  

0.01

 

   No

20 (40)

39 (64)

 

59 (53)

   Yes

30 (60)

22 (36)

 

52 (47)

Glasgow coma scale (GCS)

  

0.001

 

   Mean ± SD

8.9 ± 2.9

5.5 ± 2.5

 

7.0 ± 3.2

Injury severity score (ISS)

  

0.001

 

   Mean ± SD

25.2 ± 14.6

35.0 ± 10.7

 

30.6 ± 13.5

Type of injury

  

0.67

 

   Isolated TBI

20 (40)

22 (36)

 

42 (38)

   Multiple traumas (incl. TBI)

30 (60)

39 (64)

 

69 (62)

Intracranial surgery

  

0.001

 

   No

39 (78)

21 (34)

 

60 (54)

   Yes

11 (22)

40 (66)

 

51 (46)

Medical complications

  

0.001

 

   No

35 (70)

12 (20)

 

47 (42)

   Yes

15 (30)

49 (80)

 

64 (58)

ICU length of stay (days)

  

0.001

 

   Median (IQR)

1.5 (6)

12 (14)

 

5 (13)

Length of acute hospital stay (days)

  

0.001

 

   Median (IQR)

5 (6)

12 (12)

 

8 (11)

Glasgow outcome scale (GOS)at discharge

  

0.001

 

   1 (dead)

0 (0)

13 (21)

 

13 (12)

   2 (vegetative state)

0 (0)

14 (23)

 

14 (13)

   3 (severe disability)

19 (38)

28 (46)

 

47 (42)

   4 (moderate disability)

31 (62)

6 (10)

 

37 (33)

   5 (good recovery)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

0 (0)

  1. ICU = Intensive Care Unit, IQR = interquartile range